The precursor of horsemanship: comparative analysis of methods described by Xenofonte with contemporary training methods
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20435/multi.v28i70.3976Keywords:
human-horse relationship, good relations, Xenophon, training, horsesAbstract
The ancestry of the methods, techniques and equipment used in horse riding is a matter of concern for those protected by animal welfare. Usually, when old references are sought in the literature, they are at odds with this theme. Xenophon, criticized and revered by many, was the famous author of one of the first treatises on horsemanship in history. In his work entitled Peri Hippikes, Xenophon addressed various themes related to the horse, but revealed a perspective already emphasizing good human-horse relations, more common nowadays than in a period in which these relations were quite violent and standardized. In this work, seven steps of his work were detected, focusing on the theme of training, with contemporary scientific literature, discussing whether Xenophon was correct or incorrect in his statements which are based on concepts of animal welfare in human-horse relations.
References
BENGTSSON, M. How to plan perform a qualitative study using content analysis. Nursing Plus Open, [s.l.], v. 2, p. 8-14, 2016.
BOOT, M.; MCGREEVY, P. D. The X files: Xenophon re-examined through the lens of equitation Science. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, [s.l.], v. 8, n. 5, p. 367-75, 2013.
CHRISTENSEN, J. W.; ZHARKIKH, T.; CHOVAUX, E. Object recognition and generalisation during habituation in horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, [s.l.], v. 129, p. 83-91, 2011.
CHRISTENSEN, J. W. Object habituation in horses: the effect of voluntary vs. negatively reinforced approach to frightening stimuli. Equine Veterinary Journal, [s.l.], v. 45, p. 298-301, 2013. Doi: https://doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00629.x
ELLIS, S.; GREENING, L. Positively reinforcing an operant task using tactile stimulation and food – a comparison in horses using clicker training. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, [s.l.], v. 15, n. 78, 2016.
FENNER, K.; FREIRE, R.; MCLEAN, A.; MCGREEVY, P. Behavioral, demographic, and management influences on equine responses to negative reinforcement. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, [s.l.], v. 29, p. 11-7, 2019.
FUREIX, C.; JEGO, P.; SANKEY, C.; HAUSBERGER, M. How horses (Equus caballus) see the world: humans as significant ‘‘objects’’. Animal Cognition, [s.l.], v. 12, p. 643-54, 2009. Doi: https://doi 10.1007/s10071-009-0223-2
GÓRECKA, A.; BAKUNIAK, M.; CHUSZCZEWSKI, M. H.; JEZIERSKI, T. A. A note on the habituation to novelty in horses: handler effect. Animal Science Papers and Reports, [s.l.], v. 25, n. 3, p. 143-52, 2007.
GRASSO, F.; MIGLIORI, G.; BORDI, A.; MARINARO, F.; NAPOLITANO, F.; ROSA, G. The influence of early handling on the behavioral reaction off foals at 2 months of age. Italian Journalof Animal Science, [s.l.], v. 4, p. 409-411, 2005.
HAUSBERGUER, M. A review of the human-horse relationship. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, [s.l.], v. 109, p. 1-24, 2008.
LANSADE, L.; BERTRAND, M.; BOUISSOU, M. Effects of neonatal handling on subsequent manageability, reactivity and learning ability of foals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, [s.l.], v. 92, p. 143-58, 2005.
LANSADE, L.; TRÖSCH, M.; PARIAS, C.; BLANCHARD, A.; GORUSURRETA, E.; CALABDREAU, L. Horses are sensitive to baby talk: pet-directed speech facilitates communication with humans in a pointing task and during grooming. Animal Cognition, [s.l.], v. 24, p. 999-1006, 2021. Doi: https://doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01487-3
KING, S.; WILLS, L.; RANDLE, H. Early training of foals using the ISES training principles. Journal of Veterinay Behavior, [s.l.], v. 29, p. 140-46, 2019.
MCGREEVY, P. D. The advent of equitation science. The Veterinary Journal, [s.l.], v. 174, n. 3, p. 492-500, 2007.
MCGREEVY, P. D.; MCLEAN, A. N. Punishment in horse-training and the concept of ethical equitation. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, [s.l.], v. 4, n. 5, p. 193-97, 2009.
MCLEAN, A. N.; CHRISTENSEN, J. W. The application of learning theory in horse training. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, [s.l.], v. 190, p. 18-27, 2017.
NAKAMURA, K.; TAKIMOTO-INOSE, A.; HASEGAWA, T. Cross-modal perception of human emotion in domestic horses (Equus caballus). Science Report, [s.l.], v. 8, 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26892-6
RORVANG, M. V.; AHRENDT, L. P.; CHRISTENSEN, J. W. A trained demonstrator has a calming effect on naïve horses when crossing a novel surface. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Aarhus, v. 171, p. 117-20, 2015.
SANKEY, C.; RICHARD-YRIS, M. A.; LEROY, H.; HENRY, S.; HAUSBERGUER, M. Positive interactions lead to lasting positive memories in horses, equus caballus. Animal Behaviour, [s.l.], v. 79, p. 869-875, 2010a.
SANKEY, C.; HENRY, S.; GORECKA-BRUZDA, A.; RICHARD-YRIS, M.A.; HAUSBERGUER, M. The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach: what about horses? Plos one, [s.l.], v. 5, 2010b. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015446
SCHMIDEK, A. Otimizando o desempenho e o bem-estar de equinos em atividades desportivas. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências, Juiz de Fora, v. 19, n. 2, p. 227-48, 2018.
SMITH, A. V.; PROOPS, L.; GROUNDS, K.; WATHAN, J.; MCCOMB, K. Functionally relevant responses to human facial expressions of emotion in thedomestic horse (Equus caballus). Biology Letters, [s.l.], v. 12, 2016. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0907
SMITH, A. M.; PROOPS, L.; GROUNDS, K.; WATHAN, J.; SCOTT, S. K; MCCOMB, K. Domestic horses (Equus caballus) discriminate between negative and positive human nonverbal vocalisations. Scientific Reports, [s.l.], v. 8, 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30777-z
WARAN, N. K.; MCGREEVY, P.; CASEY, R. A. Training methods and horse welfare. In: WARAN, N. K. (Ed.). The welfare of horses. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
WATHAN, J.; PROOPS, L.; GROUNDS, K.; MCCOMB, K. Horses discriminate between facial expressions of conspecifics. Scientific Reports, [s.l.], v. 6, 2016.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Fernando Jahn Bessa, Syllas Jadach Oliveira Lima, Denise Pereira Leme
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os artigos publicados na Revista Multitemas têm acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.
Direitos Autorais para artigos publicados nesta revista são do autor, com direitos de primeira publicação para a revista. Em virtude de aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, em aplicações educacionais e não-comerciais.
